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EDUCATION :: DIABETES


fetal hemoglobin not associated with disease. In each of these cases, elevated HbF can interfere with some chromatographic, immunoassay, and enzymatic assays. Patients and physicians are typically aware of their status before testing, although some individuals with elevated HbF are identified upon receiving unusual HbA1c results.16,17 In conclusion, HbA1c provides valuable information that can aid in the diagnosis and management of all types of diabetes.


REFERENCES


1. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, Eighth edition. 2017; https://www.idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas.html.


2. Boucher J, Kleinridders A, Kahn CR. Insulin receptor signaling in normal and insulin-resistant states. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6(1).


3. Mann E, Bellin M. Secretion of Insulin in Response to Diet and Hormones. Pancreapedia: Exocrine Pancreas Knowledge Base. 2016.


4. American Diabetes Association. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Stan- dards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl 1):S13-S28.


5. Atkinson MA, Eisenbarth GS, Michels AW. Type 1 diabetes. The Lancet. 2014;383(9911):69-82.


6. Lean MEJ, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, et al. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet. 2018;391(10120):541-551.


7. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):1-4.


8. Eguchi K, Nagai R. Islet inflammation in type 2 diabetes and physiology. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(1):14-23.


9. Kitzmiller JL, Dang-Kilduff L, Taslimi MM. Gestational diabetes after delivery. Short-term management and long-term risks. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl 2:S225-235.


H. Roma Levy, MS, serves as a medical writer for Laboratory Diagnostics at Siemens Healthineers.


10. Ekoe JM, Goldenberg R, Katz P, et al. Screening for Diabetes in Adults. Can J Diabetes. 2018;42 Suppl 1:S16-S19.


11. Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD - sum- mary. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2014;11(3):133-173.


12. United States Preventative Services Task Force. Final Recom- mendation Statement: Abnormal Blood Glucose and Type 2 Diabe- tes Mellitus: Screening. 2018; https://www.uspreventiveservices- taskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/ screening-for-abnormal-blood-glucose-and-type-2-diabetes.


13. Little RR, Roberts WL. A review of variant hemoglobins interfering with hemo- globin A1c measurement. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2009;3(3):446-451.


14. Peterson KP, Pavlovich JG, Goldstein D, et al. What is hemoglobin A1c? An analysis of glycated hemoglobins by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Clin Chem. 1998;44(9):1951-1958.


15. Miedema K. Standardization of HbA1c and Optimal Range of Monitoring. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl. 2005;240:61-72.


16. Rhea JM, Koch D, Ritchie J, et al. Unintended reporting of misleading Hb A(1c) values when using assays incapable of detecting hemoglobin variants. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137(12):1788-1791.


17. Little RR, Rohlfing CL, Hanson SE, et al. The effect of increased fetal hemoglo- bin on 7 common Hb A1c assay methods. Clin Chem. 2012;58(5):945-947.


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